Contents

Preface....................................................................................................................... ix

Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xiii

Editors...................................................................................................................... xv

Contributors .......................................................................................................... xvii

1 Introduction

Shoogo Ueno and Tsukasa Shigemitsu

1.1

Te Fusion of Physics and Biology..................................................................................................1

1.2

Te Connection between Electromagnetism and Bioelectromagnetism ................................ 3

1.2.1

Electromagnetism ............................................................................................................. 5

1.2.2

Bioelectromagnetism ........................................................................................................ 6

1.3

Harmonization of Electromagnetic Fields with Biological Systems ........................................ 9

1.3.1

Te Coupling of Atmospheric Electricity with Biological Systems..........................10

1.3.2

Safety Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields .....................................................................10

1.4

Applications of Electromagnetism in Medicine and Biology...................................................14

1.5

Discussion.........................................................................................................................................15

1.6

Summary and Perspective..............................................................................................................17

References.....................................................................................................................................................18

2 The History of Bioelectromagnetism

Tsukasa Shigemitsu, Shoogo Ueno,

and Masamichi Kato

2.1

Introduction .....................................................................................................................................21

2.2

Discovery and First Step in Bioelectromagnetism .................................................................... 22

2.3

Development of Bioelectromagnetism ........................................................................................ 26

2.3.1

Development of Electricity ............................................................................................ 26

2.3.2

Development of Bioelectricity ....................................................................................... 32

2.3.2.1

Early Stage ...................................................................................................... 32

2.3.2.2

Te Developing Stage.................................................................................... 35

2.3.3

Pioneers of Electricity in Japan .....................................................................................40

2.4

Development of Electric and Electromagnetic Stimulations................................................... 42

2.4.1

Efect of Electricity on Plant Growth ........................................................................... 42

2.4.2

Electric and Electromagnetic Stimulations................................................................. 47

2.4.2.1

Electric Stimulation ...................................................................................... 47

2.4.2.2

Electromagnetic Stimulation....................................................................... 49

2.5

Progress of Bioelectromagnetism in the Twentieth Century .................................................. 52

2.5.1

Bioelectricity .................................................................................................................... 52

2.5.1.1

Bioelectric Source.......................................................................................... 52

v